Using the apostrophe
This guide has been
written to give a simple explanation of the use of the apostrophe (’). It
explains the main rules for its use, and gives examples of commonly encountered
problems. I hope it proves useful.
The
apostrophe has two main uses
- It replaces missing letters when
we join words e.g. I can't swim
This is known as a contraction.
- It shows ownership e.g.
this is John’s book.
Contractions
When contractions are used, the
apostrophe replaces the letter or letters that were removed to make a shorter
word:
do not becomes - don’t .
The apostrophe replaces the missing
letter, in this case the o .
Further examples are:
I will becomes - I’ll
you are becomes - you’re
they are becomes - they’re
Whilst it is important to understand
the function of contractions, their use is not usually appropriate in academic
writing.
Ownership
Apostrophes are also used to show
ownership - they make a word possessive. To make a word possessive
follow the three simple rules given below.
1. If the word is singular add ’s
the student’s
books - meaning the books belonging to the
student.
Further examples are:
the boss’s
armchair; the government’s legislation.
2. If the word is a plural but
does not end in s add ’s :
women’s rights - meaning the rights of women.
Further examples are:
children’s playground - meaning
the playground for children;
men’s changing rooms - meaning
the changing rooms for men.
3. If the word is plural and
ends in s just add an apostrophe:
the students’ library books -
meaning the books belonging to the students.
Further examples are:
the ladies’ football league; the
workers’ rights.
Common
problems in using apostrophes
The apostrophe is frequently misused.
Words that cause particular problems are: its / it’s and whose /
who’s.
Its
/ it’s
Use its when you want to
show possession:
the government
abandoned its policy.
Its belongs to a group of words that are already possessive.
Other examples are: it is hers; it is yours. These words are
already possessive; they do not need apostrophes to indicate possession.
Use it’s when you want to
shorten it is:
it’s a nice day.
It’s is a contraction of it is . The apostrophe replaces
the missing i.
Whose
/ who’s
Use whose when you want
to show possession:
the student whose
notes I borrowed.
Whose belongs to the same group of possessive words as its. It
does not need an apostrophe to denote possession.
Use who’s when you want
to shorten who is:
the student who’s
coming to visit.
Who’s is a contraction of who is. The apostrophe replaces the
missing i.
Remember: just because a word ends in s, it does not mean it needs
an apostrophe! An apostrophe is added to show possession or to replace a
missing letter or letters in contractions. If you are unsure when to use
an apostrophe, check your use of the apostrophe falls under one of the rules
outlined in this guide.
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